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Now we have `python` for Python 3 and `python@2` for Python 2 some more adjustments need to be made.
153 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
153 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
# Gems, Eggs and Perl Modules
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On a fresh macOS installation there are three empty directories for
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add-ons available to all users:
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/Library/Ruby
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/Library/Python
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/Library/Perl
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Starting with OS X Lion (10.7), you need `sudo` to install to these like
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so: `sudo gem install`, `sudo easy_install` or `sudo cpan -i`.
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An option to avoid sudo is to use an access control list:
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`chmod +a 'user:YOUR_NAME_HERE allow add_subdirectory,add_file,delete_child,directory_inherit' /Library/Python/3.6/site-packages`,
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for example, will let you add packages to Python 3.6 as yourself. That
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is probably safer than changing the group ownership of the directory.
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### So why was I using sudo?
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Habit maybe?
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One reason is executables go in `/usr/local/bin`. Usually this isn’t a
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writable location. But if you installed Homebrew as we recommend,
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`/usr/local` will be writable without sudo. So now you are good to
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install the development tools you need without risking the use of sudo.
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## Python packages (eggs) without sudo
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Rather than changing the rights on `/Library/Python`, we recommend the
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following options:
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### With a brewed Python
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Note, `easy_install` is deprecated. We install `pip` (or `pip2` for
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Python 2) along with python/python2.
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We set up distutils such that `pip install` will always put modules in
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`$(brew --prefix)/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages` and scripts in
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`$(brew --prefix)/share/python`. Therefore, you won’t need sudo!
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Do `brew info python` or `brew info python@2` for precise information
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about the paths. Note, a brewed Python still searches for modules in
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`/Library/Python/X.Y/site-packages` and also in
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`~/Library/Python/X.Y/lib/python/site-packages`.
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### With system’s Python
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_This is only recommended if you **don't** use a brewed Python._
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On macOS, any [Python version X.Y also searches in
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`~/Library/Python/X.Y/lib/python/site-packages` for
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modules](https://docs.python.org/2/install/index.html#inst-alt-install-user).
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That dir might not yet exist, but you can create it:
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```sh
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mkdir -p ~/Library/Python/2.7/lib/python/site-packages
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```
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To teach `easy_install` and `pip` to install there, either use the
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`--user` switch or create a `~/.pydistutils.cfg` file with the
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following content:
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[install]
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install_lib = ~/Library/Python/$py_version_short/lib/python/site-packages
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### Using virtualenv - works with brewed and system’s Python
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[Virtualenv](http://www.virtualenv.org/en/latest/) ships `pip` and
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creates isolated Python environments with separate site-packages,
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therefore you won’t need sudo.
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## Rubygems without sudo
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**If you use rbenv or RVM then you should ignore this stuff**
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Brewed Ruby installs executables to `$(brew --prefix)/opt/ruby/bin`
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without sudo. You should add this to your path. See the caveats in the
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`ruby` formula for up-to-date information.
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### With system’s Ruby
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To make Ruby install to `/usr/local`, we need to add
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`gem: -n/usr/local/bin` to your `~/.gemrc`. It’s YAML, so do it manually
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or use this:
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```sh
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echo "gem: -n/usr/local/bin" >> ~/.gemrc
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```
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**However, all versions of RubyGems before 1.3.6 are buggy** and ignore
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the above setting. Sadly a fresh install of Snow Leopard comes with
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1.3.5. Currently the only known way to get around this is to upgrade
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rubygems as root:
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```sh
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sudo gem update --system
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```
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### An alternative
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Just install everything into the Homebrew prefix like this:
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```sh
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echo "export GEM_HOME=\"$(brew --prefix)\"" >> ~/.bashrc
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```
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### It doesn’t work! I get some “permissions” error when I try to install stuff!
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*Note, maybe you shouldn’t do this on Lion, since Apple has decided it
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is not a good default.*
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If you ever did a `sudo gem`, etc. before then a lot of files will have
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been created owned by root. Fix with:
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```sh
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sudo chown -R $USER /Library/Ruby /Library/Perl /Library/Python
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```
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## Perl CPAN modules without sudo
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The Perl module `local::lib` works similarly to rbenv/RVM (although for
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modules only, not perl installations). A simple solution that only
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pollutes your `/Library/Perl` a little is to install
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[`local::lib`](https://metacpan.org/pod/local::lib) with sudo:
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```sh
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sudo cpan local::lib
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```
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Note that this will install some other dependencies like `Module::Install`.
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Then put the appropriate incantation in your shell’s startup, e.g. for
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`.bash_profile` you insert the below, for others see the
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[`local::lib`](https://metacpan.org/pod/local::lib) docs.
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```sh
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eval $(perl -I$HOME/perl5/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib)
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```
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Now (after you restart your shell) `cpan` or `perl -MCPAN -eshell` etc.
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will install modules and binaries in `~/perl5` and the relevant
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subdirectories will be in your `PATH` and `PERL5LIB` etc.
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### Avoiding sudo altogether for Perl
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If you don’t even want (or can’t) use sudo for bootstrapping
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`local::lib`, just manually install `local::lib` in
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`~/perl5` and add the relevant path to `PERL5LIB` before the .bashrc eval incantation.
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Another alternative is to use `perlbrew` to install a separate copy of Perl in your home directory, or wherever you like:
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```sh
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curl -L https://install.perlbrew.pl | bash
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perlbrew install perl-5.16.2
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echo ".~/perl5/perlbrew/etc/bashrc" >> ~/.bashrc
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```
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